Reduction of catheter-related infections in neutropenic patients: A prospective controlled randomized trial using a chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine-impregnated central venous catheter. Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infection with newer chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazinecoated catheters: A randomized controlled trial. After review, 729 were excluded, with 284 new studies meeting inclusion criteria. Confirmation of venous placement for dialysis catheters should be done by venous blood gas prior to the initial dialysis run. Comparison of bacterial colonization rates of antiseptic impregnated and pure polymer central venous catheters in the critically ill. A comparison between two types of central venous catheters in the prevention of catheter-related infections: The importance of performing all the relevant cultures. For membership respondents, the survey rate of return was 8% (n = 393 of 5,000) members. These recommendations may be adopted, modified, or rejected according to clinical needs and constraints and are not intended to replace local institutional policies. (Committee Chair), Chicago, Illinois; Stephen M. Rupp, M.D. A multitiered strategy of simulation training, kit consolidation, and electronic documentation is associated with a reduction in central lineassociated bloodstream infections. Central Line Insertion Care Team Checklist. Monitoring central line pressure waveforms and pressures. The purposes of these guidelines are to (1) provide guidance regarding placement and management of central venous catheters; (2) reduce infectious, mechanical, thrombotic, and other adverse outcomes associated with central venous catheterization; and (3) improve management of arterial trauma or injury arising from central venous catheterization. Localize the vein by palpating the femoral artery, or use ultrasonography. Consider confirming venous residence of the wire. Central catheters provide dependable intravenous access and enable hemodynamic monitoring and blood sampling [ 1-3 ]. Findings from these RCTs are reported separately as evidence. Ultrasound evaluation of central veinsin the intensive care unit: Effects of dynamic manoeuvres. The consultants and ASA members agree with the recommendation to use catheters coated with antibiotics or a combination of chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine based on infectious risk and anticipated duration of catheter use for selected patients. The epidemiology, antibiograms and predictors of mortality among critically-ill patients with central lineassociated bloodstream infections. Of the 484 attempted placements, 472 (97.5%) were primary placements. Methods for confirming that the wire resides in the vein include, but are not limited to, ultrasound (identification of the wire in the vein) or transesophageal echocardiography (identification of the wire in the superior vena cava or right atrium), continuous electrocardiography (identification of narrow-complex ectopy), or fluoroscopy. Fatal brainstem stroke following internal jugular vein catheterization. The lack of sufficient scientific evidence in the literature may occur when the evidence is either unavailable (i.e., no pertinent studies found) or inadequate. Hospital-wide multidisciplinary, multimodal intervention programme to reduce central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection. Opinion surveys were developed by the task force to address each clinical intervention identified in the document. A prospective clinical trial to evaluate the microbial barrier of a needleless connector. Effects of varying entry points and trendelenburg positioning degrees in internal jugular vein area measurements of newborns. Survey Findings. A summary of recommendations can be found in appendix 1. Decreasing catheter-related bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit: Interventions in a medical center in central Taiwan. Refer to appendix 2 for an example of a list of standardized equipment for adult patients. In most instances, central venous access with ultrasound guidance is considered the standard of care. Survey Findings. Literature Findings. The literature is insufficient to evaluate the effect of the physical environment for aseptic catheter insertion, availability of a standardized equipment set, or the use of an assistant on outcomes associated with central venous catheterization. An unexpected image on a chest radiograph. The consultants strongly agree and ASA members agree with the recommendation to confirm venous residence of the wire after the wire is threaded when using the thin-wall needle technique. Eliminating arterial injury during central venous catheterization using manometry. Meta-analyses of RCTs comparing antibiotic-coated with uncoated catheters indicates that antibiotic-coated catheters are associated with reduced catheter colonization7885 and catheter-related bloodstream infection (Category A1-B evidence).80,81,83,85,86 Meta-analyses of RCTs comparing silver or silver-platinum-carbonimpregnated catheters with uncoated catheters yield equivocal findings for catheter colonization (Category A1-E evidence)8797 but a decreased risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection (Category A1-B evidence).8794,9699 Meta-analyses of RCTs indicate that catheters coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine reduce catheter colonization compared with uncoated catheters (Category A1-B evidence)83,95,100118 but are equivocal for catheter-related bloodstream infection (Category A1-E evidence).83,100102,104110,112117,119,120 Cases of anaphylactic shock are reported after placement of a catheter coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine (Category B4-H evidence).121129. Survey Findings. Support was provided solely by the American Society ofAnesthesiologists (Schaumburg, Illinois). Complications of femoral and subclavian venous catheterization in critically ill patients: A randomized controlled trial. Literature Findings. Anesthesiology 2020; 132:843 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000002864. Your groin area is cleaned and shaved. Trendelenburg position does not increase cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein predictably. The original guidelines were developed by an ASA appointed task force of 12 members, consisting of anesthesiologists in private and academic practices from various geographic areas of the United States and two methodologists from the ASA Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. French Catheter Study Group in Intensive Care. The evidence model below guided the search, providing inclusion and exclusion information regarding patients, procedures, practice settings, providers, clinical interventions, and outcomes. This document updates the Practice Guidelines for Central Venous Access: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous Access, adopted by the ASA in 2011 and published in 2012.1. Remove the dilator and pass the central line over the Seldinger wire. Editorials, letters, and other articles without data were excluded. A literature search strategy and PRISMA* flow diagram are available as Supplemental Digital Content 2 (http://links.lww.com/ALN/C7). Advance the wire 20 to 30 cm. Influence of triple-lumen central venous catheters coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine on the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia. tip should be at the cavoatrial junction. Does ultrasound imaging before puncture facilitate internal jugular vein cannulation? Fifth, all available information was used to build consensus to finalize the guidelines. Evidence was obtained from two principal sources: scientific evidence and opinion-based evidence. This approach may not be feasible in emergency circumstances or in the presence of other clinical constraints. Links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the Journals Web site (www.anesthesiology.org). Reducing the rate of catheter-associated bloodstream infections in a surgical intensive care unit using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement Central Line Bundle. Copyright 2019, the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The consultants and ASA members agree with the recommendation to use an assistant during placement of a central venous catheter. Refer to appendix 3 for an example of a checklist or protocol. Evaluation of chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine impregnated central venous catheters for the prevention of bloodstream infection in leukaemic patients: A randomized controlled trial. The results of the surveys are reported in tables 2 and 3 and are summarized in the text of the guidelines.#####, American Society of Anesthesiologists Member Survey Results. tient's leg away from midline. Suture the line to allow 4 points of fixation. Multidisciplinary trauma intensive care unit checklist: Impact on infection rates. Comparison of the effect of the Trendelenburg and passive leg raising positions on internal jugular vein size in critically ill patients. Inadvertent prolonged cannulation of the carotid artery. The vessel traverses the thigh and takes a superficial course at the femoral triangle before passing beneath the inguinal ligament into the pelvis as the external iliac vein ( figure 1A-B ). The guidelines do not address (1) clinical indications for placement of central venous catheters; (2) emergency placement of central venous catheters; (3) patients with peripherally inserted central catheters; (4) placement and residence of a pulmonary artery catheter; (5) insertion of tunneled central lines (e.g., permacaths, portacaths, Hickman, Quinton); (6) methods of detection or treatment of infectious complications associated with central venous catheterization; (7) removal of central venous catheters; (8) diagnosis and management of central venous catheter-associated trauma or injury (e.g., pneumothorax or air embolism), with the exception of carotid arterial injury; (9) management of periinsertion coagulopathy; and (10) competency assessment for central line insertion. Central venous catheter colonization in critically ill patients: A prospective, randomized, controlled study comparing standard with two antiseptic-impregnated catheters. The American Society of Anesthesiologists practice parameter methodology. Assessment of conceptual issues, practicality, and feasibility of the guideline recommendations was also evaluated, with opinion data collected from surveys and other sources. Identical surveys were distributed to expert consultants and a random sample of members of the participating organizations. Netcare Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention Study Alliance. The consultants and ASA members both agree with the recommendation that dressings containing chlorhexidine may be used in adults, infants, and children unless contraindicated. These seven evidence linkages are: (1) antimicrobial catheters, (2) silver impregnated catheters, (3) chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine catheters, (4) dressings containing chlorhexidine, and (5) ultrasound guidance for venipuncture. Ideally the distal end of a CVC should be orientated vertically within the SVC. Aiming for zero: Decreasing central line associated bacteraemia in the intensive care unit. A delayed diagnosis of a retained guidewire during central venous catheterisation: A case report and review of the literature. The tube travels through one or more veins until the tip reaches the large vein that empties into your heart ( vena cava ). This update is a revision developed by an ASA-appointed task force of seven members, including five anesthesiologists and two methodologists. Simplified point-of-care ultrasound protocol to confirm central venous catheter placement: A prospective study. Pediatric Patients: o Optimal catheter type and site selection in children is more co mplex, with the internal jugular vein or femoral vein most commonly used. Literature Findings. Central venous catheters are placed typically in one of 3 large central veins: the internal jugular vein (IJ), subclavian vein (SCL), or femoral vein. Meta-analyses from other sources are reviewed but not included as evidence in this document. Ultrasound as a screening tool for central venous catheter positioning and exclusion of pneumothorax. Ultrasound Guided Femoral Central Line Insertion Larry Mellick 612K subscribers Subscribe 405 Save 87K views 9 years ago Notice Age-restricted video (based on Community Guidelines) Comments are. For these guidelines, central venous access is defined as placement of a catheter such that the catheter is inserted into a venous great vessel. Survey Findings. Arterial blood was withdrawn. Preoperative chlorhexidine anaphylaxis in a patient scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft: A case report. Literature Findings. The accuracy of electrocardiogram-controlled central line placement. An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous Access, A Tool to Screen Patients for Obstructive Sleep Apnea, ACE (Anesthesiology Continuing Education), Recommendations for Prevention of Infectious Complications, Recommendations for Prevention of Mechanical Trauma or Injury, Recommendations for Management of Arterial Trauma or Injury Arising from Central Venous Access, Appendix 3. Reduction of catheter-related bloodstream infections through the use of a central venous line bundle: Epidemiologic and economic consequences. These guidelines have been endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists and the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia. Bibliographic database searches included PubMed and EMBASE. Implementation of central lineassociated bloodstream infection prevention bundles in a surgical intensive care unit using peer tutoring. Survey Findings. The impact of a quality improvement intervention to reduce nosocomial infections in a PICU. Allergy to chlorhexidine: Beware of the central venous catheter. Small study effects (including potential publication bias) were explored by examining forest and funnel plots, regression tests, trim-and-fill results, and limit meta-analysis. Randomized, controlled clinical trial of point-of-care limited ultrasonography assistance of central venous cannulation: The Third Sonography Outcomes Assessment Program (SOAP-3) Trial. The consultants and ASA members agree that needleless catheter access ports may be used on a case-by-case basis, Do not routinely administer intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis, In preparation for the placement of central venous catheters, use aseptic techniques (e.g., hand washing) and maximal barrier precautions (e.g., sterile gowns, sterile gloves, caps, masks covering both mouth and nose, full-body patient drapes, and eye protection), Use a chlorhexidine-containing solution for skin preparation in adults, infants, and children, For neonates, determine the use of chlorhexidine-containing solutions for skin preparation based on clinical judgment and institutional protocol, If there is a contraindication to chlorhexidine, povidoneiodine or alcohol may be used, Unless contraindicated, use skin preparation solutions containing alcohol, For selected patients, use catheters coated with antibiotics, a combination of chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine, or silver-platinum-carbonimpregnated catheters based on risk of infection and anticipated duration of catheter use, Do not use catheters containing antimicrobial agents as a substitute for additional infection precautions, Determine catheter insertion site selection based on clinical need, Select an insertion site that is not contaminated or potentially contaminated (e.g., burned or infected skin, inguinal area, adjacent to tracheostomy or open surgical wound), In adults, select an upper body insertion site when possible to minimize the risk of infection, Determine the use of sutures, staples, or tape for catheter fixation on a local or institutional basis, Minimize the number of needle punctures of the skin, Use transparent bioocclusive dressings to protect the site of central venous catheter insertion from infection, Unless contraindicated, dressings containing chlorhexidine may be used in adults, infants, and children, For neonates, determine the use of transparent or sponge dressings containing chlorhexidine based on clinical judgment and institutional protocol, If a chlorhexidine-containing dressing is used, observe the site daily for signs of irritation, allergy, or necrosis, Determine the duration of catheterization based on clinical need, Assess the clinical need for keeping the catheter in place on a daily basis, Remove catheters promptly when no longer deemed clinically necessary, Inspect the catheter insertion site daily for signs of infection, Change or remove the catheter when catheter insertion site infection is suspected, When a catheter-related infection is suspected, a new insertion site may be used for catheter replacement rather than changing the catheter over a guidewire, Clean catheter access ports with an appropriate antiseptic (e.g., alcohol) before each access when using an existing central venous catheter for injection or aspiration, Cap central venous catheter stopcocks or access ports when not in use, Needleless catheter access ports may be used on a case-by-case basis. A randomized trial on chlorhexidine dressings for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections in neutropenic patients. The small . There are many uses of these catheters. Conflict-of-interest documentation regarding current or potential financial and other interests pertinent to the practice guideline were disclosed by all task force members and managed. Use full sterile dress. Microbiological evaluation of central venous catheter administration hubs. Sometimes (hopefully rarely), the exigencies of time or patient condition will prevent placing a full sterile line. Although catheter removal is not addressed by these guidelines (and is not typically performed by anesthesiologists), the risk of venous air embolism upon removal is a serious concern. Ultrasound localization of central vein catheter and detection of postprocedural pneumothorax: An alternative to chest radiography. ), Tunneled catheters (e.g., Hickman, Quinton, permacaths, portacaths), Arterial cannulation/injury/cerebral embolization/hemorrhage, Wire, knot, inability to remove the catheter, Hospital, intensive care unit length of stay, Number of attempts at central line placement, Time required for placement of central venous catheters, Infections or other complications not associated with central venous catheterization, Mechanical injury or trauma not associated with central venous catheterization, Prospective nonrandomized comparative studies (e.g., quasiexperimental, cohort), Retrospective comparative studies (e.g., case-control), Observational studies (e.g., correlational or descriptive statistics). Using the comprehensive unit-based safety program model for sustained reduction in hospital infections. Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges and less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically ill adults: A randomized controlled trial. Impact of two bundles on central catheter-related bloodstream infection in critically ill patients. Insert the J-curved end of the guidewire into the introducer needle, with the J curve facing up. Your physician will locate the femoral pulse with their nondominant hand. All opinion-based evidence relevant to each topic was considered in the development of these guidelines. Prevention of central venous catheter related infections with chlorhexidine gluconate impregnated wound dressings: A randomized controlled trial. In addition, practice guidelines developed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) are not intended as standards or absolute requirements, and their use cannot guarantee any specific outcome. Double-lumen central venous catheters impregnated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine to prevent catheter colonisation in the intensive care unit setting: A prospective randomised study. If a physician successfully performs the 5 supervised lines in one site, they are independent for that site only. Four hundred eighty-one (99.4%) placements were technically successful. . Anaphylaxis to chlorhexidine in a chlorhexidine-coated central venous catheter during general anaesthesia. Literature Findings. Procedural and educational interventions to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia rate and central lineassociated blood stream infection rate. The average age of the patients was 78.7 (45-100 years old . In this document, only the highest level of evidence is included in the summary report for each interventionoutcome pair, including a directional designation of benefit, harm, or equivocality. Comparison of central venous catheterization with and without ultrasound guide. The consultants and ASA members agree with the recommendations to (1) select the smallest size catheter appropriate for the clinical situation; (2) select a thin-wall needle (i.e., Seldinger) technique versus a catheter-over-the-needle (i.e., modified Seldinger) technique for the subclavian approach; (3) select a thin-wall needle or catheter-over-the-needle technique for the jugular or femoral approach based on the clinical situation and the skill/experience of the operator; and (4) base the decision to use a thin-wall needle technique or a catheter-over-the-needle technique at least in part on the method used to confirm that the wire resides in the vein before a dilator or large-bore catheter is threaded. Benefits of minocycline and rifampin-impregnated central venous catheters: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled, multicenter trial. Impact of central venous catheter type and methods on catheter-related colonization and bacteraemia. Confirmation of correct central venous catheter position in the preoperative setting by echocardiographic bubble-test.. When an equal number of categorically distinct responses are obtained, the median value is determined by calculating the arithmetic mean of the two middle values. Statistically significant outcomes (P < 0.01) are designated as either beneficial (B) or harmful (H) for the patient; statistically nonsignificant findings are designated as equivocal (E). Ultrasound-assisted cannulation of the internal jugular vein: A prospective comparison to the external landmark-guided technique. Mark, M.D., Durham, North Carolina. Survey Findings. These guidelines apply to patients undergoing elective central venous access procedures performed by anesthesiologists or healthcare professionals under the direction/supervision of anesthesiologists. The searches covered an 8.3-yr period from January 1, 2011, through April 30, 2019. Randomized controlled trial of chlorhexidine dressing and highly adhesive dressing for preventing catheter-related infections in critically ill adults. Eliminating central lineassociated bloodstream infections: A national patient safety imperative. These guidelines are intended for use by anesthesiologists and individuals under the supervision of an anesthesiologist. Safety of central venous catheter change over guidewire for suspected catheter-related sepsis: A prospective randomized trial. A 20-year retained guidewire: Should it be removed? The utility of transthoracic echocardiography to confirm central line placement: An observational study. Central venous catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin for the prevention of catheter-related colonization and bloodstream infections: A randomized, double-blind trial. Practice guidelines are subject to revision as warranted by the evolution of medical knowledge, technology, and practice. Ultrasound-guided cannulation of the internal jugular vein: A prospective, randomized study. Determine catheter insertion site selection based on clinical need and practitioner judgment, experience, and skill, Select an upper body insertion site when possible to minimize the risk of thrombotic complications relative to the femoral site, Perform central venous access in the neck or chest with the patient in the Trendelenburg position when clinically appropriate and feasible, Select catheter size (i.e., outside diameter) and type based on the clinical situation and skill/experience of the operator, Select the smallest size catheter appropriate for the clinical situation, For the subclavian approach select a thin-wall needle (i.e., Seldinger) technique versus a catheter-over-the-needle (i.e., modified Seldinger) technique, For the jugular or femoral approach, select a thin-wall needle or catheter-over-the-needle technique based on the clinical situation and the skill/experience of the operator, For accessing the vein before threading a dilator or large-bore catheter, base the decision to use a thin-wall needle technique or a catheter-over-the-needle technique at least in part on the method used to confirm that the wire resides in the vein (fig. Central venous access: The effects of approach, position, and head rotation on internal jugular vein cross-sectional area. Metasens: Advanced Statistical Methods to Model and Adjust for Bias in Meta-Analysis. Catheter-Related Infections in ICU (CRI-ICU) Group. Misplacement of a guidewire diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography. These updated guidelines were developed by means of a five-step process. Anaphylactic shock induced by an antiseptic-coated central venous [correction of nervous] catheter. Level 2: The literature contains multiple RCTs, but the number of RCTs is not sufficient to conduct a viable meta-analysis for the purpose of these Guidelines. Transthoracic echocardiographic guidance for obtaining an optimal insertion length of internal jugular venous catheters in infants. The literature is insufficient to evaluate whether cleaning ports or capping stopcocks when using an existing central venous catheter for injection or aspiration decreases the risk of catheter-related infections. Images in cardiovascular medicine: Percutaneous retrieval of a lost guidewire that caused cardiac tamponade. Citation searching (backward and forward) of relevant meta-analyses and other systematic reviews was also performed; pre-2011 studies relevant to meta-analyses or use of ultrasound were eligible for inclusion. Catheter-related infection and thrombosis of the internal jugular vein in hematologic-oncologic patients undergoing chemotherapy: A prospective comparison of silver-coated and uncoated catheters. Chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine coated central venous catheters in haematological patients: A double-blind, randomised, prospective, controlled trial. Nursing care. (Chair). There are a variety of catheter, both size and configuration. The type of catheter and location of placement will depend on the reason for it's placement. Resource preparation topics include (1) assessing the physical environment where central venous catheterization is planned to determine the feasibility of using aseptic techniques; (2) availability of a standardized equipment set; (3) use of a checklist or protocol for central venous catheter placement and maintenance; and (4) use of an assistant for central venous catheterization. Catheter infection: A comparison of two catheter maintenance techniques. A total of 3 supervised re-wires is required prior to performing a rewire . Prepare the centralcatheter kit, and Central venous cannulation: Are routine chest radiographs necessary after B-mode and colour Doppler sonography check? Anesthesia was achieved using 1% lidocaine. To view a bar chart with the above findings, refer to Supplemental Digital Content 5 (http://links.lww.com/ALN/C10). A collaborative, systems-level approach to eliminating healthcare-associated MRSA, central-lineassociated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and respiratory virus infections. No respondents indicated that new equipment, supplies, or training would not be needed to implement the guidelines, and 88.9% indicated that implementation of the guidelines would not require changes in practice that would affect costs. Eradicating central lineassociated bloodstream infections statewide: The Hawaii experience. Central venous line sepsis in the intensive care unit: A study comparing antibiotic coated catheters with plain catheters. Literature Findings. After review of all evidentiary information, the task force placed each recommendation into one of three categories: (1) provide the intervention or treatment, (2) the intervention or treatment may be provided to the patient based on circumstances of the case and the practitioners clinical judgment, or (3) do not provide the intervention or treatment. (Co-Chair), Seattle, Washington; Avery Tung, M.D. Verification of needle, wire, and catheter placement includes (1) confirming that the catheter or thin-wall needle resides in the vein, (2) confirming venous residence of the wire, and (3) confirming residence of the catheter in the venous system and final catheter tip position.. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are available in both the HTML and PDF versions of this article. No difference in catheter sepsis between standard and antiseptic central venous catheters: A prospective randomized trial.