[77] He voted against price controls and other monetary restrictions, benefits for illegal immigrants, and public power. He joined former Presidents Ford and Carter as representatives of the United States at the funeral of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. "[308], Historian Keith W. Olson has written that Nixon left a legacy of fundamental mistrust of government, rooted in Vietnam and Watergate. If the US could not control Latin America, it could not expect "to achieve a successful order elsewhere in the world," Nixon's National Security Council concluded in 1971 while considering the paramount importance of destroying Chilean democracy. - he wanted to wait till the election was over, - He was a Harvard Uni prof [209] Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist Wallace and liberal Democrats, whose support of integration was alienating some Southern whites. Reagan was more reasonable in dealing with other countries. In 1969, Nixon announced a groundbreaking foreign policy doctrine that called for the United States to act within its national interest and keep all existing treaty commitments with its allies. [305] Nixon himself did not consider the environmental advances he made in office an important part of his legacy; some historians contend that his choices were driven more by political expediency than any strong environmentalism. [238] One researcher suggests Nixon effectively disengaged from his own administration after Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973. - In 1973 the Soviets tested multiple warheads on missile this suggested that the soviets may take a lead in the number of warheads Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. "[192], After Nixon won re-election, inflation was returning. [145] Americans took their first glance into everyday Chinese life through the cameras that accompanied Pat Nixon, who toured the city of Beijing and visited communes, schools, factories, and hospitals. [127][233][234], In July 1973, White House aide Alexander Butterfield testified under oath to Congress that Nixon had a secret taping system and recorded his conversations and phone calls in the Oval Office. A great proponent of the 26th Amendment, Nixon lowered the voting age from twenty-one to eighteen, extending the right to vote to Americas youth. Although he thought Goldwater unlikely to win, Nixon campaigned for him loyally. Nixon established a new relationship with the Middle East, eliminating Soviet dominance in the region. [157], In July 1969, Nixon visited South Vietnam, where he met with his U.S. military commanders and President Nguyn Vn Thiu. [133], In a three-way race between Nixon, Humphrey, and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace, Nixon defeated Humphrey by only 500,000 votes, a margin almost as close as in 1960, with both elections seeing a gap of less than one percentage point of the popular vote. After Congress overrode his veto, Nixon impounded the funds he deemed unjustifiable. [288], Richard Nixon was buried beside his wife Pat on the grounds of the Nixon Library. Moreover, Nixon depraved the relations with Chile by opposing its president, Salvador Allende. Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20, 1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. [318] Author and former British politician David Owen deemed Nixon an alcoholic.[319][320]. [34] Nixon was reluctant to work on divorce cases, disliking frank sexual talk from women. Cronin shared with Nixon his 1945 privately circulated paper "The Problem of American Communism in 1945",[59] with much information from the FBI's William C. Sullivan who by 1961 headed domestic intelligence under J. Edgar Hoover. When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily, Nixon ordered the U.S. military to DEFCON3,[183] placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war. They also intended, through linkage, to make U.S. arms control policy part of dtente His policy of linkage had in fact failed. With you helping me out with my more challenging writing projects, I have been able to move forward and do well on my tests and other school projects. [206][207][c] While Nixon called for increased spending on such high-profile items as sickle-cell disease and for a War on Cancer, at the same time he sought to reduce overall spending at the National Institutes of Health. It failed mainly because it was based on flawed assumptions and false premises, the foremost of which was that the Soviet Union wanted strategic arms limitation agreement much more than the United States did.[173]. - Detente was undermined by Watergate, AQA A Level History: The American Dream, real, DIFFERING VIEWS IN SOCIALISM - SOCIALISM IN A, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - THIRD WAY, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - SOCIAL DEM, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - REVOLUTION, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Practical 11 (locomotor): Comparative Locomot. His application was approved, and he was appointed a lieutenant junior grade in the United States Naval Reserve on June 15, 1942. McGovern was also damaged by his vacillating support for his original running mate, Missouri Senator Thomas Eagleton, dumped from the ticket following revelations that he had received electroshock treatment for depression. In 1970, President Nixon avoided a second Cuban Missile Crisis involving the Soviet submarine base by adhering to his policy of hard-headed dtente, an active rather than passive form of diplomacy. [132] Whether the Nixon campaign interfered with negotiations between the Johnson administration and the South Vietnamese by engaging Anna Chennault, a fundraiser for the Republican party, remains a controversy. [142] The secrecy had allowed both sets of leaders time to prepare the political climate in their countries for the visit. Why can the Vietnam war been seen as honourable and effective? The trip was uneventful until the Nixon party reached Lima, Peru, where he was met with student demonstrations. Nixon later mused on Sheller's words, "Remember, speaking is conversationdon't shout at people. Ronald Reagan, unlike Nixon, was more self-contained. [195], Nixon advocated a "New Federalism", which would devolve power to state and local elected officials, though Congress was hostile to these ideas and enacted few of them. Under his policy of Vietnamization, combat roles were transferred to South Vietnamese troops, who nevertheless remained heavily dependent on American supplies and air support. Surveys of historians and political scientists have ranked Nixon as a below-average president. [250], Throughout the 1980s, Nixon maintained an ambitious schedule of speaking engagements and writing,[250] traveled, and met with many foreign leaders, especially those of Third World countries. No way. After intensive negotiations between National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese Foreign Minister Le Duc Tho, the two sides reached an agreement in October 1972, and Kissinger announced, Peace is at hand. But the South Vietnamese raised objections, and the agreement quickly broke down. While many doubted Whittaker Chambers's allegations that Hiss, a former State Department official, had been a Soviet spy, Nixon believed them to be true and pressed for the committee to continue its investigation. The influential article burnished Nixons foreign policy credentials. [21], At the start of his junior year in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School. - Reagan argued that negotiating with the USSR weakened the US and they shouldn't have any communist affiliations [27], After graduating summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Whittier in 1934, Nixon was accepted at the new Duke University School of Law,[28] which offered scholarships to top students, including Nixon. [30] The number of scholarships was greatly reduced for second- and third-year students, creating intense competition. [169], The election of Marxist candidate Salvador Allende as President of Chile in September 1970 spurred a vigorous campaign of covert opposition to him by Nixon and Kissinger. Aiming to achieve peace with honor in the Vietnam War, Nixon gradually reduced the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam. [223], Nixon entered his name on the New Hampshire primary ballot on January 5, 1972, effectively announcing his candidacy for reelection. [303] According to his biographer Herbert Parmet, "Nixon's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course, somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers, the Goldwaters, and the Reagans. [28] In his political campaigns, Nixon suggested that this was his response to Pearl Harbor, but he had sought the position throughout the latter part of 1941. [8], Nixon's upbringing was influenced by Quaker observances of the time such as abstinence from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. What was the reasons for Nixon pursuing the detente ? - In March the communists attacked South Vietnam. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century. There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma "Pat" Ryan. - Nixon thought detente would help to slow down the arms race and this would mean the US taxpayers paid less for arms. [316] According to Black, Nixon, thought that he was doomed to be traduced, double-crossed, unjustly harassed, misunderstood, underappreciated, and subjected to the trials of Job, but that by the application of his mighty will, tenacity, and diligence, he would ultimately prevail. His visit to China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations, and he also then concluded the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union. [78][79] On the campaign trail, Eisenhower spoke of his plans for the country, and left the negative campaigning to his running mate. WebForeign policy is the area in which Richard Nixon's unprecedented resignation as president over Watergate has least obscured his achievements. To pay for the weapons, the shah raised the price of Iranian oil beyond the already high price charged by OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), of which Iran was a member. [41], In January 1942 the couple moved to Washington, D.C., where Nixon took a job at the Office of Price Administration. He did not agree with the ideas of Nixon and Kissinger, whose goal was to find a common ground with Soviet countries, and not to defeat them. The Nixon Doctrine influenced the U.S. decision to sell arms to Iran and to Israel in the 1970s. [152], Nixon approved a secret B-52 carpet bombing campaign of North Vietnamese and Khmer Rouge positions in Cambodia beginning in March 1969 and code-named Operation Menu, without the consent of Cambodian leader Norodom Sihanouk. [286] In keeping with his wishes, his funeral was not a full state funeral, though his body did lie in repose in the Nixon Library lobby from April 26 to the morning of the funeral service. Agnew became an increasingly vocal critic of these groups, solidifying Nixon's position with the right. - Nixon and Mao discussed Taiwan, Vietnam and trade, - Nixon administration had successfully opened a dialogue with an enemy and Beijing encouraged North Vietnam to agree to peace President Johnson withdrew as a candidate in March, after an unexpectedly poor showing in the New Hampshire primary. [141] On July 15, 1971, with announcements from Washington and Beijing that astounded the world, it was learned that the President would visit China the following February. In reaction to the oil embargo of 1973, Nixon initiated Project Independence, which set a timetable to end reliance on foreign oil by 1980. [281], On July 19, 1990, the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California opened as a private institution with the Nixons in attendance. [199], Nixon saw his policies on Vietnam, China, and the Soviet Union as central to his place in history. - South Vietnamese survived temporarily, - 2 million communist soldiers [167] Once American combat support ended, there was a brief truce, before fighting resumed, and North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam in 1975. [111] Instead, he lost to Brown by more than five percentage points, and the defeat was widely believed to be the end of his political career. When he left the Navy at the start of 1946, Nixon and his wife returned to Whittier, where he began a year of intensive campaigning. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [57] Advocacy by Herter Committee members, including Nixon, led to congressional passage of the Marshall Plan. In late April, the President announced that Nixon would again be his running mate. [181] Nixon and Brezhnev met in Yalta, where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact, dtente, and MIRVs. President Nixons foreign policy is in many ways different from the foreign policy of President Reagan.